Pumping mechanism



Sept. 19, 1933. HUNAEUS 1,927,497

PUMPING MECHANISM Filed June 27, 1931 2 Sheets-Sheet l IN VEN TOR Sept.19, 1933. I HUNAEUS 1,927,497

PUMPING MECHANI SM Filed June 27, 1931 2 Sheets'Sheet 2 INVENTOR such as,a Diesel engine.

patented Sept 19, 1933 PATENT OFFICE 1,927,497 PnMPING MECHANISM HermanHnnaens, Philadelphia, Pa, 'assignor by mesne assignments, toBaldwin-Sonthwark Corperation, a corporation of Delaware I ApplicationJune 27, 1931. *Serial No. 547,234

16 Claims.

.One object of my invention is 'to provide an im proyed arrangementbetween a piston and cylinder type ofrefrigerating compressor and aninternal combustion engine for driving the same A further object is toprovide an improved arrangement whereby a re-' ir'igerating compressorcylinder or cylinders may be suitably supported ,on the top of thecylinders of a standard engine while at the same time the difficultiesincident to refrigerating compressors are taken care of by improvedmeans embodied injthe engine-compressor unit. Another object is tosupport the refrigerating compressor .cylinders on the engine cylinderin an improved manner and to'use the latter as crosshead guides for thecompressor pistons while the remaining cylinders of the standard engineprovide motive power 'for actuating the compressor, these features all"being obtained without any material alteration to the existing engines.It will however be understood that while no material alteration isnecessary to the engine thereby pi rmitting the conversion of astandardlengine to an engine-refrigerating unit, still the combinationof a refrigerating compressor with an engine involves features in eachwhich are ordinarily incompatible with each other. To bring thiscombination of elements into proper cooperating relation so as to obtainan efiicientDiesel-refrigerating unit, I have associated an improvedconstruction with the compressor and engine cylinders whichwilladequatelytake care of .all'conditions. For instance, therefrigerant herein preferably used is ammonia which if allowed tocombi'ne with the oil in the crankcase of the engine would causedestructive action on, the engine parts, particularly those :made ofbrass or bronze. This action is augmented due to the presence of watermoisture in the engine crankcase or in the engine lubricating oil whichisnot asjfr'ee of water as the lubricating .oil for the compressor. Onlya veryslight amount of ammonia'leakage into the engine crankcase would.be necessary to initiate the destructive action so that it is necessary'to provide very efficient means for eliminating the seepage of ammoniainto the crankcase, it being understood that the immediate superimposedrelationof the compressor'and engine cylinder is particularlyvconducivelto such seepage, especially in view of the compressor pistonrod extending and moving into each cylinder thereby tending to carry thecompressor .oil and ammonia absorbed therewith into the engine cylinderon .each successive reciprocation. This possible source of leakage mighteven be supplemerited by leakage of gaseous ammonia. Packing glands arenot only provided to insure against either form of 'leakage'but animproved arrangemerit of glands is provided to reduce leakage to thelowest possible minimum if not entirely eliminate it.

- It is sometimes desirable to use single acting compressor cylindersand to do this while at the same time accomplishing the foregoingobjects without unnecessarily heating the non-Working end ofthecompressor cylinders, I employ a plurality of single actingcompressor cylinders interconnected in an improved manner so as toautomatically compensate for the compressing action which wouldotherwise be present in the nonworking end of thecompressor-cylinders,it being understocd'that even in the case of a single acting ammoniacompressor cylinder it is essential'that both ends of the cylinder be.closed.

Other objects and advantages will be more ap parent to those skilled inthe ,art from the following description of the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

n Fig. 1 is a fragmentary view of an engine with two single actingcompressor cylinders mounted thereon, certain parts being shown inelevation and the others in section while part of the crankcase isomitted.

Fig. ,2 is a vertical transversesection taken on the line 2- -2 of Fig.1; and l 1 Fig. 3 is a modificationshowing .a three cylinderengineconvertedinto a one cylinder doubleacting compressor with twoengine cylinders used for power purposes.

In the specific embodiment .of the invention shown in Fig. 1 an internalcombustion engine '1, preferably of the four cycle Diesel type, hasvertical cylinders disposed in alignment and formed either separately orina block 2 as may be desired. Due to certain desirableoperatingcharacteristics, itfis preferable that .a unit consist of threeor more cylinders, although under certain circumstances two4cy'lindersmay be-employedjif desired. In Fig; 1 form the engine is of the sixcylinder type thereby providing 'four engine cylinders one of which isgenerally indicated at 3 while two of the cylinders '4," preferably thetwo adjacent ones at the end, are used as crosshead guides. The enginecylinders are provided with usual cylinder 'heads 5 containing the inletand exhaust valve mechanisms and other necessary elements such as theinjection valves, exhaust pipes, etc. A detailed description of theengine portion of the arrangement is not necessary except to point outthat a crankshaft 6 journalled in suitable bearings is connected topistons as by usual connecting rods. lhe cylinders 4, identical in everyrespect to the other cylinders, with the exception of omitting thecylinder head, contain a special crosshead I designed to be in balancewith the remaining engine and compressor parts and to be actuated by theregular engine connecting rod 8 and crankshaft 6 and also to provide asuitable connection with the piston rod 9 of the compressor mechanismgenerally indicated at 1%). Whil all of the detaiis of construction andoperation have to do with refrigeration it will of course be understoodthat certain features may be used for pumping fluids other thanrefrigerants.

Inasmuch as the two compressors on the cylinders 4 are identical, thedescription of one will suiiice for both. The compressor has a cylinder11 provided with any suitable intake and exhaust ports and controllingvalve mechanism 12 therefor. This cylinder may be cooled in any suitablemanner such as by a water jacket 13 and if desired the well-knownmultiple efiect may be had by the provision of a chamber 14communicating as through a series of radial ports 15 when the compressorpiston 16 is in its lower position. The cylinderll and piston 16comprise a single acting compressor although the lower end of thecoinpressor cylinder is closed by the cylinder casting 17 beingsupported on and preferably cast integrally with an insulation base 18,which in turn is directly supported to the engine cylinder. The base 18by amply spacing the compressor cylinder from the engine and byproviding a relatively large air chamber 19, which is preferably open tothe atmosphere as through side openings 20 although these may be closedif desired, insures minimum heat transfer from the engine to thecompressor, it being understood that considerable heat is generated inDiesel engine cylinders which of course are cooled as effectively aspossible with water but which may nevertheless still allow considerableheat to be transferred to the compressor cylinder except for my improvedarrangement. In addition to accomplishing this function the base 18provides an arrangement whereby improved means can be adequatelyassociated with the piston rod 21 so as to prevent or reduce to aminimum, transmission of ammonia or other refrigerant into the enginecrankcase (not completely shown). This improved means includes thepartition 23 for closing the lower end of cylinder 11 and anotherpartition 2 ifor closing the top of engine cylinder 4. Projectingupwardly from a flange 25 and through a suitable enlarged openingconcentric to piston rod 21 is a cylindrical hollow cap 26 containing aseries of packing rings 2'7 which areheld in position by the closedupper end of projection 26 and a lower oil wiper 28 which like flange 25is removably secured to partition 1'7 as by bolts or screws. The lowerpartition 24 entirely closes the upper end of cylinder 4 and is providedwith a further oil wiper 29. It is thus seen that the partition 24 andoil wiper 29 together prevent not only transmission of a film of oil onthe piston rods from the engine to the compressor cylinder or vice Versabut in addition the engine cylinder is entirely closed so that breathingaction by the engine will not cause ainist of oil to gather withinchamber 19 and thereby collect on the surface of piston rod 21 and becarried into the compressor cylinder. At the same time partition 24prevents blowing of air in and out through openings 20 in case theseshould be uncovered. On the other hand, the packing 27 prevents ammoniagas which may happen to have leaked into the lower end of the compressorcylinder 11 to leak out along piston 21 and into the atmosphere whilethe oil Wiper 28 prevents a film of compressor oil being carried out onthe surface of the piston rod and into the engine cylinder.

It is thus seen that each element of this improved compressor-enginecombination may be mechanically connected and supported for cooperationWith each other while at the same time permitting the compressor and theengine to be supplied individually with their proper lubricating oilwithout danger of the same becoming mixed to even a small degree. Asabove pointed out, this is accomplished by the provision of meanscooperating with the end of the compressor cylinder and the piston rodto prevent transmission of the compressor oil and further meanscooperating with the engine crosshead and the piston rod to preventtransmission of the engine oil, these two elements being particularlyeffective in combination with the insulating base 18 and the enlargedchamber 19 wherein ample air circulation may be had and proper attentiongiven to the elements 28 and 29 both for inspection, adjustment andrepair. 1n addition to performing these functions the base 18 is adaptedto permit use of the standard bolts 31 which are normally used forclamping the engine cylinder heads 5 in position.

Compensating means are also provided for eliminating the compressingaction in the lower end of the compressor cylinder which would otherwisebe present due to these cylinders being closed at the lower end bypartitions 23. For instance, the compressor cylinder castings 32 areprovided with suitable openings 33 to which a pipe 34 is connected. Thispipe and the openings 33 allow free communication between each of theplurality of compressor cylinders so that when one of thecompressorpistons is moving downwardly during part of its stroke, the piston inthe other compressor cylinder will be moving upwardly, thereby per--mitting the compressing action in the lower end of one cyiinder to becompensated through the pipe 34 bythe upward piston movement in theother cylinder. This pipe 34 might also be referred to as an equalizingpipe. It will be noted also that 'thispipe is advantageous in furtherreducing the escape of ammonia through the packing glands due to thefact that when the compressor piston moves downwardly the ammonia or'other refrigerant is freely and easily transferred away from thecylinder with no appreciable increase in pressure whereas if the gas wastrapped within the lower end of the cylinder under pressure its escapeto atmosphere could only be prevented by packing 27 with consequentincreased wear and decreased effectiveness thereof.

An alternative to the equalizer pipe is a pipe connecting the lower endof a compressor cylinder to the suction pipe leading to the compressor.This means would be used in case only one singleacting compressorcylinder is embodied in a unit.

The modification of Fig. 3 discloses a double acting compressor cylinder41 having a suitable piston 42 closed at each end adapted to cooperatewith suitable laterally disposed valves generally indicated at V. Thepiston rod extends through a packing gland 43 while the cylinder 41 isremovably supported upon a base 44 as by bolted flanges 46. Thisremovability of cylinder 41 is one of the distinctions over the integralconstruction shown in the preferred form. There is also provided anenlarged chamber 47 separat'edas by a removably secured'partition 48from the upper open'end of cross guide '49. Instead of using a specialcross head as in the preferred form, a piston type of cross-head 50 isused, this having a boss at its upper end to which the piston'rod 51 issecured. Suitable openings may be provided in the base 44 to providesuflicient access -'to' the packing glands 43. The engine shown n themodified form is of the three cylinder four cycle type, itotherwisebeing in all substantial respects identical to the preferredform of engine'inthat the cylinder heads 5, cylinder block 2 andcrankcase 1 are arranged in'the same manner.--In either form it is clearthat any one of the engine cylinders may be used for crosshead guides orfor power purposes and that they are interchangeable.

It will of course be understood that various changes and modificationsmaybe made Without departing from the spirit of theinvention asset forthin the appended claims.

I claim:

1. The combination in refrigerating apparatus comprising an internalcombustion engine having a plurality of cylinders, certain of which areused for power generating purposes and another of which is used for acrosshead guide a crosshead disposed in said guide cylinden-arefrigerating compressor cylinder supported by said engineinsubstantially axial alignment with said guide cylinder and'having apiston and piston rod connected to said crosshead guide- 2. Thecombination in'refrigeratingapparatus comprising an internal combustionengine hav ing a plurality of cylinders, certain of which are used forpower generating purposes andothers of which are used for crossheadguides, a crosshead disposed in each of the guide cylinders, singleacting refrigerating compressor cylinders supported by said engine anddisposed in substantially axial alignment with each of the guidecylinders, compressor pistons connected to said crossheads, and acompensating passage allowing communication between the non-working endsof said'compressor cylinders.

3. The combination in refrigerating apparatus comprising an internalcombustion engine having a plurality of cylinders, certain of which areused for a crosshead guide, a crosshead disposed in said guide cylinder,a refrigerating compressor cylinder, an insulating base-supported on topof said guide cylinder for carrying said'compressor cylinder insubstantially axial alignment therewith, a compressor piston and pistonrod connected to said crosshead, and means spaced from the top ofsaidguide cylinder for closing the end of said compressor cylinderadjacent the engine, including packing for saidpiston rod.

4. The combination in refrigerating apparatus comprising an internalcombustion engine having a plurality of cylinders, certain of which areused for power generating purposes and another of which is used for acrosshead guide, a crosshead disposed in said guide cylinder, arefrigerating compressor cylinder, an insulating base supported on topof said guide cylinder for carrying said compressor cylinder insubstantially axial alignment therewith, a compressor piston and pistonrod connected to said crosshead, means spaced from the top of said guidecylinder for closing the end of said compressor cylinder adjacent theengine, including packing for said'piston rod,-and means for closing theupper end of said guide cylinder and through which said piston rodextends.

5} The combination in refrigerating apparatus comprising an internalcombustion engine having a plurality of cylinders, certain of which areused for power generating purposes and another of which is used for acrosshead guide, a refrigerating compressor cylinder disposed insubstantially axial alignment with said guide cylinder, a chamberedfbaseinterposed between said engineand compressor cylinder for supporting thecompressor by the-engine', meansv for closing the adjacentends of saidcompressor and guide cylinders, and means providing an opening in saidbase to permit access to-the chamber therein and to the adjacent endsofsaid cylinders.

6. The'combination in refrigerating apparatus comprising an internalcombustion engine havinga plurality of cylinders, certain of which areused for power generating purposes and another of which is used for acrosshead guide, a crosshead disposed in said guidecylinder, a singleacting compressor cylinder supported by said engine in substantiallyaxial alignment with said guide cylinder andhaving a piston rodconnectedto said crosshead, and means for closing the non-working end ofsaid compressor cylinder.'

"7. The combination in a Diesel-compressor unit comprising a multiplecylinder Diesel engine whose cylinders are substantially identical andnormally designed for power purposes, a crosshead guide in certain ofsaid cylinders which are converted from an engine cylinder. into acrosshead guide, means for supporting a compressor cylinder on saidguide cylinder, and a compressor piston and rod connected to saidcrosshead. 8. The combination in a Diesel-compressor unit comprisingastandard engine of the type having removable cylinder heads containingusual valve mechanism and means for removably securing said heads inposition, one of said cylinders being converted into a crosshead guideby omitting its cylinder head, a crosshead disposed in said convertedcylinder, and a compressor cylinder having a base adapted to support thecompressor cylinder on and in substantially axial alignment with saidguide cylinder, said base being secured in position by the holding meansnormally provided for an engine cylinder head.

9. The combination comprising an internal cylinder is disposed, acompressor piston, and a rod therefor extending through said base andconnected to said crosshead.

10. The combination comprising an internal combustion engine having aplurality of cylinders all of which are adapted to be used for powergenerating purposes when provided with cylinder heads, means fornormally removably securing substantially identical heads to thecylinders, a compressor cylinder having a base adapted to be substitutedfor any cylinder head and be held in position by the securingmeanstherefor, a crosshead disposed in the engine cylinder over which thecompressor cylinder is disposed, a compressor piston, and a rod thereforextending through said base and connected to said crosshead. V

11. The combination comprising an internal combustion engine having aplurality of cylinders all of which are adapted to be used for powergenerating purposes when provided with cylinder heads, means fornormally removably securing said heads to the cylinders, a compressorcylinder having a base adapted to be substituted for any cylinder headand be held in position by the securing means therefor, a crossheaddisposed in the engine cylinder over which the compressor cylinder isdisposed, a compressor piston and rod extending through said base andconnected to said crosshead, said base being provided with a relativelylarge chamber, and a plurality of means disposed therein and spacedapart axially of said piston rod to close the adjacent ends of saidcompressor and guide cylinders.

12. The combination in a single unit comprising, a plurality of internalcombustion engine cylinders each having a single-acting trunk piston andconnecting rod serving only as an engine rod, a plurality ofsingle-acting compressor' cylinders each having a piston, piston rod,crosshead and connecting rod which serves only as a compressor rod; allof said connecting rods being connected to a common crankshaft, and saidcrankshaft and connecting rods being contained in a common crankcasehaving means providing crosshead guides for said compressor connectingrods. I

13. The combination in a single unit comprising, a plurality of internalcombustion engine cylinders each having a single-acting trunk piston andconnecting rod, a plurality of singleacting compressor cylinders eachhaving a piston, piston rod, crosshead and connecting rod; each of saidconnecting rods serving only for engine or compressor purposes and beingconnected to a common crankshaft, and said crankshaft and connectingrods being contained in a common crankcase, said crankcase being closedfrom the external atmosphere adjacent to the compressor cylinders andhaving means providing crosshead guides for said compressor connectingrods.

14. The combination in a single unit comprising, a plurality of internalcombustion engine cylinders each having a'single-acting trunk piston andconnecting rod, a plurality of single-acting compressor cylinders eachhaving a piston, piston rod, crosshead and connectingrod; each of saidconnecting rods serving only for engine or compressor purposes and beingconnected to acommon crankshaft, the cranks for each pair of compressorcylinders being at 180 from each other, and said crankshaft andconnecting rods being contained in a common crankcase having meansproviding crosshead guides for said compressor connecting rods.

15. The combination in refrigerating apparatus comprising an internalcombustion engine having a common crankcase provided with a plurality ofcylinders, certain of which are used for power generating purposes andanother of which is used for a crosshead guide, a crosshead disposed insaid guide cylinder, a refrigerating compressor cylinder supported bysaid engine in substantially axial alignment with said guide cylinderand having a piston and piston rod connected to said crosshead guide,all of said cylinders being connected to said common crankcase.

. 16. The combination in refrigerating apparatus comprising an internalcombustion engine having a plurality of cylinders, certain of which areused for power generating purposes and another of which is used for acrosshead guide, a crosshead disposed in said guide cylinder, asingleacting compressor cylinder supported by said engine insubstantially axial alignment with said guide cylinder and having apiston and piston rod connected to said crosshead, means for closing thenon-working end of said compressor cylinder, and means providing a fluidconnection between the non-working end of said compressor cylinder andthe suction side of the cylinder.

- HERMAN H. HUNAEUS.

